Complexity

Complex systems involve interactions and interdependencies, which cannot be separated, i.e. the sum of the components does not equal the whole. Cause-effect relationships can often only be understood in hindsight, for example after disasters event occur. 

  • Decision make under cascade effect (Cause - Effect) and incomplete information
  • Environment characterized by change, uncertainty, unpredictability, and surprise
  • Complexity in Emergency Management and Disaster Response